What does "folded steel" mean in a katana's construction?

 Updated Feb 2026

Folded steel refers to a forging technique in which the steel billet is repeatedly heated, hammered flat, and folded back on itself — sometimes dozens of times. Each fold doubles the number of layers, refining the grain structure and working out air pockets and inconsistencies in the raw steel. Historically, this process was used in Japanese swordsmithing to improve steel quality when the raw materials were inconsistent. In modern collectibles, it serves both a functional and aesthetic purpose: the folding creates a visible grain pattern on the polished blade surface, called the hada, which is considered a mark of craftsmanship. Pieces in this collection that feature folded construction will typically note the layer count or the folded designation in their specifications.

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